Spatially-defined macrocycles incorporating peptide bond surrogates

ABSTRACT

Novel spatially-defined macrocyclic compounds incorporating peptide bond surrogates are disclosed. Libraries of these macrocycles are then used to select one or more macrocycle species that exhibit a specific interaction with a particular biological target. In particular, compounds according to the invention are disclosed as agonists or antagonists of a mammalian motilin receptor and a mammalian ghrelin receptor.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to spatially-defined macrocyclic compounds incorporating peptide bond surrogates. It also relates to the generation of libraries of these macrocycles. These libraries are then used to select one or more macrocycle species that exhibit a specific interaction with a particular biological target.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Peptides have been at the forefront of combinatorial chemistry technology development due to their ease of synthesis on solid support, the reproducible and high-yielding reactions involved, and the ready availability of starting materials. Peptides are the endogenous ligands for a number of enzymes and receptors. Modifications of these peptides can be performed to develop even more potent agonists or inhibitors of these same receptors and enzymes. In addition, combinatorial peptide libraries have been used to find a number of previously unknown active sequences for a wide array of enzyme and receptor systems. However, these novel materials are still plagued by the usual limitations associated with the direct use of peptides as pharmaceuticals, although many are used in human and veterinary medicine due to their potency and selectivity. Although peptides are highly potent and selective biological agents, their use as pharmaceutical products is limited by

-   -   Poor aqueous solubility     -   Metabolic instability, particularly to proteases     -   Low oral bioavailability     -   Inadequate membrane permeability     -   Difficulty in transport to site of action in tissues and organs     -   Potential antigenicity     -   Short pharmacokinetic half-life decreases duration of         pharmacological action     -   Side effects due to the presence of receptors for the peptide in         other non-target areas of an organism     -   High manufacturing costs

In order to circumvent these drawbacks while retaining the high potency of the peptide, significant work over the past three decades has been devoted to the study of mimics of these peptides, or peptidomimetics. Replacement of one or more amide bonds with functional groups that have similar structural characteristics, but different metabolic profiles has been pursued widely. Similarly, restriction of conformation of the resulting molecules utilizing either sterically demanding or structurally restricted amino acids to specifically display side chains in space. Cyclization of the linear peptide is also traditionally pursued.

However, the ability to control conformation within a single cyclic molecule often requires long experimentation in order to access the desired structure. Of greater interest would be the ability to direct and control the three-dimensional orientation so as to probe multiple conformations with the same interacting peptide side chain functionalities. In this manner, the optimal one for the biological target of interest could be rapidly determined.

Recently, WO 01/25257 has described the use of specific elements termed “tethers” to control the conformations within macrocyclic peptidomimetics. However, to date, no method has been described to combine the use of such tether elements with peptide bond surrogates.

Such molecules would have unique and superior properties over other analogues:

-   -   Ease of synthesis     -   Enhanced chemical stability     -   Improved metabolic stability     -   Better selectivity with lower incidence of side effects     -   More favorable pharmacokinetics     -   Better oral bioavailability     -   Higher aqueous solubility

In particular, these analogues possess advantages that make them desirable as pharmaceutical agents with improved therapeutic properties:

-   -   Additional interacting functionalities     -   Modulated physicochemical properties     -   Modified conformations to those of cyclic peptides that are         dictated primarily by the amide bond

The use of backbone to backbone cyclization to control conformation of peptidic molecules has been described. (Gilon, G. Biopolymers 1991, 31, 745). However, this approach provides a constraint with the only control being provided by the length of the backbone chain employed. This does not permit access to all the conformations that might be require in order to optimally interact within a biological system. Nonetheless, this approach has yielded somatostatin analogues that can be used for therapeutic (WO 98/04583, WO 99/65508, U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,687, U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,554) or diagnostic purposes (WO 02/062819), bradykinin analogues (U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,529).

On the other hand, cyclic peptides offer a number of benefits compared with the corresponding linear analogues, including restricted conformational mobility, defined topology, enhanced stability to proteolytic enzymes and modified polarity (Molecular Diversity 2000 (pub. 2002), 5,289-304).

Accordingly, cyclic structures can greatly improve the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles of peptides. Examples demonstrate that cyclic peptides can enhance potency, selectivity, stability, bioavailability and membrane permeability. The stability to enzymatic degradation of the cyclic structure arises from the difficulty of such molecules to attain the extended conformation required to be recognized as a substrate for peptidases. Very large mixture libraries (10⁸ members or more) of cyclic peptides have been described in WO 98/54577.

Until recently, the number of reports of the use of macrocyclic peptidomimetics in drug discovery has rather been limited. Recent examples of therapeutically interesting bioactivities that have been displayed by small peptide or peptidomimetic macrocycles include protease inhibition (HIV, cancer, inflammation)—Curr. Med. Chem. 2001, 8, 893-907; Integrin receptor antagonists (cell adhesion inhibition, inflammation, diabetes)—J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 2586-2592; Histone deacetylase inhibition (cancer, anti-fungal)—Tr. Endocrin. Metabol. 2001, 12, 294-300; Curr. Med. Chem.2001, 8, 211-235; Urotensin II antagonists (cardiovascular disease)—Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 2940-2944; neurokinin-2 antagonists (asthma, irritable bowel syndrome)—J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 3418-3429; tyrosine receptor kinase A (TrkA) antagonists and neurotrophin-3 mimetics (Alzheimer's, stroke, diabetic neuropathy)—Mol. Pharm. 2000, 57, 385-391; J. Org. Chem. 2004; 69, 701-713; antibacterial agents—J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 3430-3439; and C5a complement inhibitors (inflammatory diseases)—Br. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 128, 1461-1466.

However, in most of these cases, the formation of the cyclic structure was simply one step in a lengthy optimization process. The use of large macrocyclic libraries for initial hit identification and drug discovery is largely unprecedented. This is particularly striking given the extensive efforts in combinatorial chemistry, which began focused on peptides, and the subsequent explosion in the number and type of small molecule libraries that can now be accessed.

Among the possible modifications of peptide bonds, depsipeptides are known in the art. A comparative example of a given peptide and the corresponding depsipeptide is given below. Importantly, the relative arrangement of side chains on adjacent residues is not affected as it can be with other peptide bond surrogates.

As may be noticed, one of the —NH— in the peptide is replaced by —O— in the depsipeptide.

Many depsipeptides are known to exhibit special biological activities (see Ballard, C. E.; Yu, H.; Wang, B. Curr. Med. Chem. 2002, 9, 471-498; Moore, R. E. J. Ind. Microbiol. 1996, 16, 134-143 and Shemayakin, M. M. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 1965, 5, 962-976). For example, vancomycin, valinomycin, actinomycins, didemnins, dolstatins are natural product depsipeptides. Included in the therapeutic utility of these compounds are anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral (callipeltins, quinoxapeptins), antifungal (jaspamides), anti-inflammatory (neurokinin antagonists), anti-clotting, antiantherogenic (micropeptins), and other activities.

Another class of amino acid mimics, peptoids, have found wide utility in the design and synthesis of peptide-related therapeutic agents and biomaterials (Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 1999, 9, 530-535). A comparison between depsipeptides and peptoids is shown below:

In yet another approach, the urethane moiety can function as an effective peptide bond mimic. It possesses analogous defined planarity and geometry with similar rigidity to that of an amide bond. However, this moiety is not isosteric to the amide as it contains an extra atom, so that incorporation leads to larger-sized structures. This could prove quite advantageous, however, as the unique properties of peptides containing β-amino acids attests (Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3893-4011; Curr. Med. Chem. 2002, 9, 811-822).

The following can be cited as potential benefits of the urethane moiety as a peptide bond surrogate:

-   -   Modification of H-bonding properties due to the extra heteroatom         for inter- and intramolecular interactions as well as in         improved solubilities     -   Imposition of a degree of conformational restriction     -   Backbone NH and chiral R groups offer opportunities for         substitution and modification for modulation of biological and         physical properties     -   Modified polarity, more lipophilic due to the extra carbon atom,         as compared with the peptide bond     -   Resistance to proteinases     -   Alteration of pharmacokinetic properties

Urea peptide bond surrogates have also been explored in combination with other isosteres to construct molecules with novel architecture. For example, in the development of linear tripeptidomimetics as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors for the treatment of arthritis and cancer, ureas and sulfonamides were targeted as replacements for the amide bond. The urea substitution actually contains an N-substituent where the attached group is the same as the amino acid side chain in the original peptide and hence could be considered a urea-peptoid hybrid.

These examples highlight only a representative sampling of the variety of peptide bond surrogates that have been designed and investigated (Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2002, 2, 463-473; Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2002, 2, 447-462; Curr. Med. Chem. 2002, 9, 2209-2229; Curr. Med. Chem. 2002, 9, 2243-2270; Curr. Med. Chem. 2002, 9, 963-978; Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2002, 6, 872-877; Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 441-452; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1699; J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36, 3039-3049; J. Org Chem. 2000, 65, 7667-7675). Additional structures that specifically replace the peptide bond or offer an alternative type of peptide residue are shown in FIG. 3. This variety has permitted chemists to explore a number of modifications to peptide structure not accessible through natural amino acids alone. However, often this is done, not in a predictable manner, but rather determined after the construction of the molecule. Therefore, the control permitted by the aforementioned tether elements would be of utility in the context of structures containing these peptide bond surrogates.

Further, to date, peptide bond surrogates have not been widely investigated in the context of cyclic structures nor in libraries, likely due to the challenges involved in their syntheses.

Accordingly, their remains a need for macrocyclic structures incorporating a variety of peptide bond surrogates.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention uses peptide bond surrogates in the context of conformationally-defined cyclic molecules. Accordingly, the invention relates to macrocyclic compounds of formula (I) which incorporate peptide bond surrogates.

wherein

-   A₃ and A₄ are optionally present; -   A₁, A₂, A₃ and A₄ are chosen from the group consisting of formulas     S1 to S21, with the proviso that at least one of A₁, A₂, A₃ or A₄ is     selected from the group consisting of formulas S2 to S21

-   wherein R and R′ are chosen from side chains of natural amino acids     or side chains of unnatural amino acids, with the proviso that R′ is     not hydrogen;     -   R″ is hydrogen or alkyl;     -   m is 0, 1 or 2; and     -   n is 0, 1 or 2; -   X is —O— or —NR₁, wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting     of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl and sulfonyl; and -   T is a bivalent radical of formula (II):     -J-(CH₂)_(d)—K—(CH₂)_(e)-L-(CH₂)_(f)—  (II)     -   wherein:     -   J is bonded to X and is a bivalent radical chosen from —CH₂— or         —C(═O)—;     -   d, e and f are each independently selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or         5;     -   L is optionally present;     -   K and L are independently a covalent bond or a bivalent radical         selected from the group consisting of:         -   —O—, —NR₂—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)—,             —C(═O)—NR₃—, —NR₃—C(═O)—, —SO₂—NR₄—, —NR₄—SO₂—, —CR₅R₆—,             —CH(OR₇)—, —CH═CH— with a Z or E configuration, —C≡C—, and

-   -   -   wherein R₂ is selected from the group consisting of             hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted             cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aryl,             substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl,             formyl, acyl, carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, amido, amidino,             sulfonyl and sulfonamido;         -   R₃ and R₄ are independently selected from hydrogen or C₁-C₆             alkyl;         -   R₅ and R₆ are independently selected from the group             consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, and amino,             with the proviso that if one of R₅ or R₆ is hydroxy, alkoxy             or amino, the other is hydrogen or alkyl;         -   R₇ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl,             substituted alkyl, formyl and acyl; and         -   G₁ and G₂ are independently a covalent bond or a bivalent             radical selected from the group consisting of:             -   —O—, —N R₈—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O)NR₉—,                 —NR₉—C(═O)—, —SO₂—NR₁₀, —NR₁₀—SO₂—, —CR₁₁R₁₂—, —CH═CH—                 with Z or E configuration, and —C≡C—, wherein R₈ is                 selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl,                 substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,                 heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, aryl,                 substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl,                 formyl, acyl, carboxyalkyl, carboxyaryl, amido, amidino,                 sulfonyl and sulfonamido;             -   R₉ and R₁₀ are independently selected from hydrogen or                 C₁-C₆ alkyl; and             -   R₁₁ and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group                 consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, and                 amino with the proviso that if one of R₁₁ or R₁₂ is                 hydroxyl, alkoxy or amino, the other is hydrogen or                 alkyl;         -    with the proviso that G₁ is the closest to J, and that G₁             or G₂ can be attached in a relative arrangement to each             other of 1, 2 or 1, 3 or 1, 4.

In a second aspect of the invention, there are provided compounds of formula (III)

wherein A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄ and X are as defined for formula (I) and wherein T₂ is a bivalent radical chosen from the group consisting of:

wherein the wavy lines indicate either a (R) or (S) stereochemistry or mixture thereof; q₁, q₂, q₃, q₆, q₇, q₈, q₉, q₁₀, q₁₁, q₁₃, q₁₅ and q₁₆ are each independently 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;

-   q₄ and q₁₈ are independently 1 or 2; -   q₅ is 2, 3 or 5; -   q₁₂ and q₁₄ are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; -   q₁₇ is 0, 1, 2 or 3; -   P₁, P₂, P₃ P₄ and P₅ are each independently O, S or NH; -   P₆ is N or CH; -   P₇ is O or CR₅₂R₅₃; -   R₃₆ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, benzyl or acyl; -   R₅₀ and R₅₁ are independently selected from the group consisting of     hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, and amino with the proviso that if     one of R₅₀ or R₅₁ is hydroxy, alkoxy or amino, the other is hydrogen     or alkyl; -   R₅₂ and R₅₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of     hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, and amino with the proviso that if     one of R₅₂ or R₅₃ is hydroxyl, alkoxy or amino, the other is     hydrogen or alkyl; -   R₅₄, R₅₅, R₅₆, R₅₇ and R₅₈ are independently selected from the group     consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, and amino; -   R_(AA) is the side chain of a natural amino acid; -   (X) indicates the point of attachment of T₂ to X; and -   (W) indicates the point of attachment of T₂ to A₂, A₃ or A₄.

The invention also provides combinatorial libraries of these macrocycles. Compounds of formula (I) and formula (III) are also disclosed as agonists or antagonists of a mammalian motilin receptor and a mammalian ghrelin receptor.

While the invention will be described in conjunction with an example embodiment, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to such embodiment. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included as defined by the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a general scheme showing one approach to the solid phase synthesis of compounds of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a general scheme showing a second approach to the solid phase synthesis of compounds of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows the structures of representative peptide bond surrogates and replacements for peptide residues.

FIGS. 4 a-4 b, 5 a-5 b and 6 show synthetic schemes for representative compounds of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The unique compounds of the invention combine four key elements that have never previously been simultaneously investigated:

-   -   (1) Recognition potential of amino acid and other functionalized         side chains     -   (2) Conformational rigidity and resistance to degradation of the         macrocyclic ring     -   (3) Modified hydrogen-bonding and polarity, improved stability,         and modulated physical properties and recognition potential of         peptide bond surrogates which have proven potential in bioactive         substances     -   (4) Spatial control through the non-peptidic tether component

The invention also has significant advantages over the existing compounds and libraries for drug discovery:

-   -   dramatic improvement in information obtained from testing of the         compound libraries since control of conformation through the         tether component provides immediate knowledge of bioactive         forms;     -   control of conformation allows defined variation, with different         tethers, in the display of those recognition elements to attain         the three-dimensional orientation for which ligand-target         interactions could be maximized (the tether moiety can actually         constrain the cyclic structure into a single low energy         conformation in some cases);     -   high biological relevance through the use of amino acid side         chains in the recognition elements (A_(i)) to mimic existing         molecular recognition processes between proteins, nucleic acids         and proteins, or peptides and proteins;     -   applicability to broad range of targets and pharmaceutically         interesting development of small molecule pharmaceuticals, such         as those involving protein-protein or protein-nucleic acid         interactions;     -   utility of the compounds as probes for new and existing protein,         enzyme and receptor targets, with particular relevance given the         many new targets arising from the efforts in genomics and         proteomics;     -   increased speed in both hit follow-up and lead optimization of         bioactive molecules due to basic chemistry assembly method         remaining the same, with variations introduced primarily through         the individual building units, which can be readily used to         modulate and optimize any observed activity;     -   significant chemical diversity achieved through individual         building units that are designed to provide enhanced potential         for bioactivity     -   in the solid phase process for synthesis of these compounds, use         of a cleavage-release strategy from resin directly provides         compounds biased towards high purity as non-cyclic compounds         remain bound to solid support, thereby circumventing the usually         lengthy purification process; and     -   synthetic methods lead to a high degree of synthesis success         (>95%) with the ability to be straightforwardly scaled up for         larger material quantities since the original methodology was         developed as a standard solution phase process.

As such, the compounds of the invention are novel structures with high potential in the search for new bioactive substances with favorable properties.

Accordingly, the invention provides macrocyclic compounds of formulas (I) and (II)

wherein A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄, X, T and T₂ are as defined previously.

In a preferred embodiment of the macrocyclic compounds of formula (I), T is chosen from the chosen from the group consisting of:

wherein the wavy line indicates a E, Z or a mixture of E and Z double bond configuration;

-   M₁, M₂, M₃, M₄ and M₅ are independently selected from O, S or NR₁₈     wherein R₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,     alkyl, substituted alkyl, formyl, acyl and sulfonyl; -   f₁, f₂, f₄, f₇ and f₁₀ are independently selected from 1, 2, 3 or 4; -   f₃ and f₈ are independently selected from 2 or 3; -   f₅, f₁₁, f₁₃, f₁₄ and f₁₅ are independently selected from 1 or 2; -   f₆ is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and -   f₉ is 0, 1 or 2; -   (X) indicates the point of attachment of T to X; and -   (W) indicates the point of attachment of T to A₂, A₃ or A₄.

In a specific embodiment of the compound of formula (I), T is chosen from the group consisting of:

In a preferred embodiment of the macrocyclic compounds of formula (III), T₂ is chosen from the chosen from the group consisting of:

wherein the wavy lines indicate either a (R) or (S) stereochemistry or mixture thereof;

-   q₁, q₂, q₃, q₆, q₇, q₈, q₉, q₁₀, q₁₁, q₁₃, q₁₅ and q₁₆ are each     independently 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; -   q₄ and q₁₈ are independently 1 or 2; -   q₁₂ and q₁₄ are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; -   q₁₇ is 0, 1, 2 or 3; -   P₁, P₃ P₄ and P₅ are each independently O, S or NH; -   P₆ is N or CH; -   P₇ is O or CR₅₂R₅₃; -   R₃₆ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, benzyl or acyl; -   R₅₀ and R₅₁ are independently selected from the group consisting of     hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, and amino with the proviso that if     one of R₅₀ or R₅₁ is hydroxy, alkoxy or amino, the other is hydrogen     or alkyl; -   R₅₂ and R₅₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of     hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, and amino with the proviso that if     one of R₅₂ or R₅₃ is hydroxyl, alkoxy or amino, the other is     hydrogen or alkyl; -   R₅₄, R₅₅, R₅₆, R₅₇ and R₅₈ are independently selected from the group     consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, and amino; -   R_(AA) is the side chain of a natural amino acid; -   (X) indicates the point of attachment of T to X; and -   (W) indicates the point of attachment of T to A₂, A₃ or A₄.

In yet another specific embodiment of the compound of formula (III), T₂ is chosen from the group consisting of:

wherein Y is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, benzyl or acyl

The invention also provides compounds of formula (I) and formula (III) which are agonists or antagonists of a mammalian motilin receptor and/or a mammalian ghrelin receptor.

Motilin, a linear 22-amino acid peptide, plays a critical regulatory role in the GI physiological system through governing of fasting gastrointestinal motor activity. As such, the peptide is periodically released from the duodenal mucosa during fasting in mammals, including humans. More precisely, motilin exerts a powerful effect on gastric motility through the contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle to stimulate gastric emptying, decrease intestinal transit time and initiate phase III of the migrating motor complex in the small bowel. Due to the critical and direct involvement of motilin in control of gastric motility, agents that either diminish (hypomotility) or enhance (hypermotility) the activity at the motilin receptor, are a particularly attractive area for further investigation in the search for new effective pharmaceuticals towards these indications. Macrocyclic antagonists of the motilin receptor are disclosed in U.S. Prov. Pat. Appl. Ser. No. 60/479,223.

Likewise, ghrelin is a key peptide hormone involved in a number of important physiological functions including growth hormone secretion, maintenance of energy balance, appetite and gut motility. As such, antagonists of this receptor have been investigated for treatment of obesity, while ghrelin agonists have interest in treatment of a variety of diseases, including conditions caused by growth hormone deficiency, wasting syndrome, and GI disorders involving dysmotility.

Phe-Val-Pro-Ile-Phe-Thr-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Leu-Gln-Arg-Met-Gln-Glu-Lys- motilin (human, porcine, SEQ ID NO:1) Glu-Arg-Asn-Lys-Gly-Gln Gly-Ser-Ser(Oct)-Phe-Leu-Ser-Pro-Glu-His-Gln-Arg-Val-Gln-Gln-Arg- ghrelin (human SEQ ID NO:2) Lys-Glu-Ser-Lys-Lys-Pro-Pro-Ala-Lys-Leu-Gln-Pro-Arg

EXAMPLES

Table 1A and 1B give the structure of 69 compounds according to the invention. Table 2 lists the mass spectral analytical data for these 69 compounds.

TABLE 1A Representative Compounds of formula (I) (I)

Compound A₁ A₂ A₃ T 101

T9 102

T9 103

T9 104

T9 105

T9 106

T9 107

T9 108

T9 109

T9 110

T9 111

T9 112

T9 113

T61 114

T54 115

T9 116

T9 117

T9 118

T9 119

T9 120

T50 123

T53 124

T9 125

T9 126

T9 127

T9 128

T9 129

T9 130

T9 131

T9 132

T9 133

T9 134

T9 135

T9 136

T9 137

T9 138

T9 139

T9 140

T45 141

T45 145

T48 148

T50 149

T10 151

T18 153

T2 154

T17 155

T1 156

T3 157

T16 158

T4 159

T5 163

T8 164

T9 165

T8 166

T8 167

T9 168

T9 169

T9 170

T9

TABLE 1B Representative Compounds of formula (III) (III)

Compound A₁ A₂ A₃ T₂ 121

T51 122

T51 142

T46 143

T47 144

T47 146

T49 147

T49 150

T21 152

T24 160

T12 161

T27 162

T14

TABLE 2 Mass Spectral Analysis of Representative Compounds of the Invention Molecular Molecular Monoisotopic MS Found Compound Formula Weight Mass (M + H)⁺ 101 C30H43N6O3Cl 571.2 570 571 102 C31H45N4O3Cl 557.2 556 557 103 C31H44N3O3Cl 542.2 541 542 104 C31H42N3O3Cl 540.1 539 540 105 C32H45N3O4 535.7 535 536 106 C30H44N4O4 524.7 524 525 107 C30H44N4O4 524.7 524 525 108 C32H45N3O4 535.7 535 536 109 C32H47N3O4 537.7 537 538 110 C32H47N3O4 537.7 537 538 111 C34H43N3O5 573.7 573 574 112 C31H43N3O6 553.7 553 554 113 C32H39N5O3 541.7 541 542 114 C32H39N5O3 541.7 541 542 115 C30H41N3O6 539.7 539 540 116 C32H46N4O5 566.7 566 567 117 C31H44N4O5 552.7 552 553 118 C30H41N3O6 539.7 539 540 119 C30H41N3O6 539.7 539 540 120 C27H41N3O5 487.6 487 488 121 C27H43N3O5 489.6 489 490 122 C26H39N3O6 489.6 489 490 123 C26H41N3O6 491.6 491 492 124 C26H34N4O4 466.6 466 467 125 C28H36N4O6 524.6 524 525 126 C25H32N4O4 452.5 452 453 127 C29H41N5O4 523.7 523 524 128 C32H38N4O4 542.7 542 543 129 C26H34N4O5 482.6 482 483 130 C32H46N4O4 550.7 550 551 131 C32H46N4O4 550.7 550 551 132 C32H46N4O4 550.7 550 551 133 C32H46N4O4 550.7 550 551 134 C33H48N4O4 564.8 564 565 135 C33H48N4O4 564.8 564 565 136 C33H48N4O4 564.8 564 565 137 C33H48N4O4 564.8 564 565 138 C33H48N4O4 564.8 564 565 139 C29H40N4O4 508.7 508 509 140 C24H35N4O5F 478.6 478 479 141 C24H35N4O5F 478.6 478 479 142 C23H35N4O3F 434.5 434 435 143 C25H39N4O3F 462.6 462 463 144 C25H39N4O3F 462.6 462 463 145 C26H40N4O3 456.6 456 457 146 C26H42N4O3 458.6 458 459 147 C26H42N4O3 458.6 458 459 148 C27H42N4O3 470.6 470 471 149 C28H35N4O5F 526.6 526 527 150 C24H33N4O6F 492.5 492 493 151 C23H34N5O3F 447.5 447 448 152 C26H41N4O3F 476.6 476 477 153 C24H35N4O3F 446.6 446 447 154 C23H31N4O3F 430.5 430 431 155 C21H32N4O4 404.5 404 405 156 C23H32N4O3 412.5 412 413 157 C23H34N4O3 414.5 414 415 158 C25H32N4O3 436.5 436 437 159 C26H34N4O3 450.6 450 451 160 C31H36N4O3S 544.7 544 545 161 C23H34N4O4 430.5 430 431 162 C22H29N5O3S 443.6 443 444 163 C29H41FN4O3 512.7 512 513 164 C30H43N4O3F 526.7 526 527 165 C29H39N5O4 521.7 521 522 166 C29H39N5O4 521.7 521 522 167 C30H42N4O4 522.7 522 523 168 C31H42N4O5 550.7 550 551 169 C28H38N4O4 494.6 494 495 170 C28H38N4O4 494.6 494 495 Notes 1. Molecular formulas and molecular weights (MW) are calculated automatically from the structure via ActivityBase software (IDBS, Guildford, Surrey, UK) or, for MW only, from the freeware program Molecular Weight Calculator v. 6.32 2. M + H obtained from LC-MS analysis 3. All analyses conducted on material after preparative purification Synthesis Method

Building blocks for the construction of the compounds of the present invention include amino acids, hydroxyl acids, structures for incorporation of the peptide bond surrogates, and the tethers. Amino and hydroxyl acids are available commercially or synthesized via known procedures. Methods for construction of appropriate building blocks for the peptide surrogates also are establihsed in the art. (Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2002, 2, 463-473; Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2002, 2, 447-462; Curr. Med. Chem. 2002, 9, 2209-2229; Curr. Med. Chem. 2002, 9, 2243-2270; Curr. Med. Chem. 2002, 9, 963-978; Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2002, 6, 872-877; Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2, 441-452; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1699; J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36, 3039-3049; J. Org Chem. 2000, 65, 7667-7675). Synthesis of the specific tether components have been described in WO 01/25257 and U.S. Prov. Pat. Appl. Ser. No. 60/491,248.

An assortment of synthetic strategies can be used to access the macrocyclic compounds of the invention, several of which have already been disclosed in WO 01/25257. or are known in the literature.

An outline of a first preferred approach to the solid phase synthesis of the compounds of the invention, using a thioester strategy is provided in FIG. 1. A second preferred approach, called ring-closing metathesis (RCM), is also generally outlined in FIG. 2. Yet another alternative approach, utilizing an activated resin for cyclization, is presented in Examples 3 and 4.

Example 1 Representative Synthesis of Macrocyclic Compound of Formula I containing Peptide Surrogate S6

The synthetic scheme is presented as FIG. 4( a). Starting from polystyrene trityl resin containing the linker shown (1-0), initial standard Fmoc deprotection of the linker furnished 1-1. This was then coupled with Fmoc Nva-OH under standard conditions. Loading of the resin based upon quantitative analysis of a cleaved aliquot at this stage was 62%. After Fmoc cleavage using standard conditions followed by coupling with Fmoc-(D)Val-OH under standard condition, 1-2 was obtained. After Fmoc group deprotection, reductive alkylation with Fmoc-(D)Tyr(OtBu)-CHO 1-3 was carried out as described in Step 1-d.

Step 1-d: Reductive Amination for Introduction of First Building Block

The following stock solutions were prepared first.

-   Solution A: 100 mL of 1% AcOH in TMOF (trimethylorthoformate). -   Solution B: 100 mL of 1% AcOH in DMF/TMOF/MeOH (1:1:1).     After deprotection of the Fmoc group of 1-2 with 20% piperdine in     DMF, 2.0 g (1.5 mmol) of resin were washed 6 times with solution A,     dried and transferred into a 100 mL round bottom flask under a N₂     atmosphere. Next, 4.6 g (10.5 mmol, 7.0 eq) of aldehyde 1-3     (prepared from the Weinreb amide by LAH reduction using standard     methods) were dissolved in 25 mL of solution B and added to the     resin. The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 45 min. To the above     mixture was added 1.0 g (15.8 mmol, 10.5 eq) of NaBH₃CN dissolved in     10 mL of solution B. The contents were stirred for an additional 2.5     h at 50° C. The resin was then washed with DMF (5×), then with     alternate cycles of DCM/MeOH (2×), DCM (5×) and dried in vacuo.     Step 1-e: Cbz Protection

To the above resin (1.5 mmol) was added 50 mL of DMF (DriSolv® (EMD Chemicals, Inc., part of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) grade), followed by 4.0 mL (23 mmol, 15 eq) of DIPEA and 2.1 mL (15 mmol, 10 eq) of CbzCl. The mixture was agitated on an orbital shaker O/N. The resin was then washed with DMF (5×), alternate cycles of DCM/MeOH (4×), DCM (5×) and dried in vacuo.

Step 1-f: Introduction of Partial Tether Component Via Reductive Amination

After cleavage of the Fmoc group using standard conditions, 1.73 g (1.2 mmol) of resin 1-4 was washed with 1% AcOH in MeOH (5×). To the resin was then added a solution of 300 mg (1.8 mmol, 1.5 eq) of 1-5 in 15 mL of MeOH (DriSolv®) and 5 mL of TMOF. This was followed by addition of 0.24 mL (2.4 mmol, 2.0 eq) of NaBH₃CN (or BAP) and the reaction was kept on the orbital shaker for 40 h due to the low solubility of 1-5. The resin was washed with MeOH (10×), DMF/MeOH alternate cycles (5×), THF/MeOH alternate cycles (3×), THF (2×), DCM/MeOH alternate cycles (3×), CHCl₃ (2×), DCM (4×), then dried in vacuo.

To 1.7 g (1.2 mmol) of the above resin was added 30 mL of DMF (DriSolv®) followed by 2.8 mL (16 mmol, 13 eq) DIPEA and 1.7 mL (12 mmol, 10 eq) of CbzCl. The mixture was agitated O/N. The resin was washed with DMF (5×), DCM/MeOH alternate cycles (3×) and DCM (5×), then dried in vacuo (oil pump). HPLC/MS analysis showed the desired product 1-6 to be formed.

Step 1-g: Macrocyclization Via RCM

RCM was carried out with 1.2 g (0.84 mmol) of 1-6 following the Standard Procedure.

Yield was 102 mg (24%) of the desired macrocycle (1-7) as determined by HPLC/MS/CLND analysis.

Step 1-h: Cbz and Unsaturation Hydrogenation

94 mg (0.11 mmol) of 1-7 was dissolved in 15 mL of glacial AcOH in a 50 mL beaker and 188 mg of 10% Pd/C was added. After degassing, the solution was stirred under 1000 psi of H₂ for 7 h. The reaction mixture was then filtered through Celite® (World Minerals Inc., Santa Barbara, Calif.) and the Celite® washed with 10 mL glacial AcOH (2×). The filtrate was then evaporated and the compound dried in vacuo. HPLC/MS analysis verified the identity of the product.

Step 1-i: tBu Group Deprotection

This step was carried out using 50% TFA:50% DCM:3% TIS (triisopropylsilane) for 2 h following standard methods. The crude material was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC using MS detection to trigger collection of the product (1-8).

Example 2 Representative Synthesis of Macrocyclic Compound of Formula I Containing Peptide Surrogate S6

The synthetic scheme is presented as FIG. 4( b). Anchoring of Fmoc-Nva-OH as well as subsequent Fmoc deprotection were performed following standard procedures. The aldehyde 2-2 from Fmoc-(D)Val-OH was prepared in 62% yield using standard methods. Reductive amination was performed as in step 1-d. Cbz protection of the resulting product under the conditions described in step 1-e (repeated 2×) furnished the desired product 2-3.

Fmoc deprotection, coupling with Bts-(D)Tyr(OtBu)-OH, and Mitsunobu reaction of the resin bound tripeptides surrogate with 2-4 were all carried out under standard conditions to give 2-5. Macrocyclization via RCM with Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst following the standard procedure furnished the desired product, 2-6. CLND yield: 16.1 mg. Standard deprotection of the Bts group is preferentially performed prior to deprotection of the Cbz group, with simultaneous reduction of the double bond. The final product 2-7 is obtained by deprotection of the tBu group.

Peptide Surrogates S16 or S17

The route presented here offers an alternative route to compounds of the invention as illustrated for the general macrocyclic structure below. FIG. 5 details the reaction sequence as applied to a representative macrocycle containing peptide surrogate S16.

Step 3-a: Standard Procedure for Loading Amino Acids to 2-Chlorotrityl Chloride Resin

In a 50 mL solid phase reactor, 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin (2 g, 2 mmol/g, 4 mmol) was suspended in DCM (30 mL) and agitated for 15 min. After filtration, a solution of Fmoc-amino acid (4 mmol, 1 eq) and DIPEA (1.75 mL, 10 mmol, 2.5 eq) in DCM (15 mL) was added to the reactor and shaken for 2 h. The resin was filtered and washed with DMF (2×25 mL). (Optionally, but preferably, any remaining active sites on 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin are then capped as follows.) The resin thus obtained was treated with a mixture (25 mL) of DCM:MeOH:DIPEA (80:15:5) for a period of 15 min and then filtered. This treatment was repeated once and the resin finally washed with DMF (3×25 mL) and dried in the standard manner.

Step 3-b: Standard Procedure for Deprotection of Fmoc Protective Groups

The resin from step 3-a was treated with a solution of piperidine in DMF (20%, v/v, 25 mL), agitated for 5 min, then filtered. This process was repeated once, except for 20 min, and the resin finally washed successively with DMF (2×25 mL), iPrOH (2×25 mL), DMF (2×25 mL) and DCM (2×25 mL).

Step 3-c1: Coupling the Fmoc-Protected p-Nitrophenylcarbonate or p-Nitrophenylcarbamate (BB₂)

A solution containing the Fmoc-protected amino alcohol or mono-Fmoc-protected diamine derivative (BB₂, 0.84 mmol, 4 eq) and HOBt (141 mg, 0.92 mmol, 4.4 eq) in DMF (4 ml) was added to the resin (410 mg, 0.21 mmol) from Step A-2. To this suspension, DIPEA (366 μl, 2.1 mmol, 10 eq) was added and the resulting mixture agitated for 12 h. The resin was filtered, washed sequentially with DMF (2×5 mL), iPrOH (2×5 mL), DMF (2×5 mL), iPrOH (2×5 mL) and DMF (3×5 mL), then dried in the standard manner.

Step 3-c2: Standard Procedure for Coupling Amino Acids using the Fmoc Protection Strategy

In other embodiments, an amino acid could be desired in this position. In those instances, this procedure would be employed. To a solution containing the Fmoc (or Ddz)-protected amino acid (BB₂, 0.53 mmol, 2.5 eq), and HOBt (121 mg, 0.79 mmol, 3.75 eq) in DMF (2.3 ml) was added DIC (94 μl, 0.58 mmol, 2.50 eq). This solution containing the now activated amino acid was then added to the resin suspension (0.21 mmol, 210 mg) from Step A-2 and agitated for 3 h. The resin was filtered and washed sequentially with DMF (2×5 mL), iPrOH (2×5 mL), DMF (2×5 mL), iPrOH (2×5 mL), DMF (3×5 mL), then dried in the standard manner.

Step 3-d: Removal of Fmoc Protective Group on BB₂

The resin was treated as described in step 3-c1, but at 1/5 of the scale therein.

Step 3-e: Coupling of Bts-Amino Acid (BB₁)

A solution containing the Bts-amino acid (BB₁, 0.42 mmol, 2 eq), TBTU (202 mg, 0.63 mmol, 3 eq) and DIPEA (220 μl, 1.26 mmol, 6 eq) in DMF (2.5 mL) was added to the resin obtained in step 3-d and agitated for 3 h. The resin was filtered and washed sequentially with DMF (2×5 mL), iPrOH (2×5 mL), DMF (2×5 mL), iPrOH (2×5 mL), DMF (3×5 mL), then dried in the standard manner.

Step 3-f: Mitsunobu Reaction

A solution containing the N-protected tether alcohol (0.84 mmol, 4 eq) and triphenylphosphine (220 mg, 0.84 mmol, 4 eq) in a mixture of toluene (2 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) was added to the resin obtained in step 3-e. Finally, DIAD (166 μl, 0.84 mmol, 4 eq) was added and the resulting mixture was agitated for 12 h. The resin was filtered, washed sequentially with DMF (2×5 mL), iPrOH (2×5 mL), DCM (4×5 mL) and dried in the standard manner.

Step 3-g: Standard Procedure for Cleavage of the Protected Macrocyclic Precursor from 2-Chlorotrityl Chloride Resin

The resin obtained from step 3-f was treated with a mixture of acetic acid:trifluoroethanol:DCM (1:1:8, v/v/v, 5 mL) for 2 h. The resin was filtered and washed once with a fresh 2.5 mL of the 1:1:8 mixture. Toluene (15 mL) was added to the filtrate and the solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure. The alkylated tripeptide to serve as the macrocyclic precursor was thus obtained, usually as a white solid. To confirm the amount, prior to cleavage, an accurate weight of the resin was obtained in order to compare the weight gain observed with the quantity yielded from the cleavage.

Step 3-h: Standard Procedure for Loading Macrocyclic Precursor to Activated Resin

A solution containing the alkylated tripeptide (0.05 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added to the activated resin, for example TFP resin (213), o-nitrophenyl resin (214), or o-chlorophenyl resin (215) (300 mg). In this case, the latter was employed. Finally, DMAP (1 mg, 0.01 mmol, 0.2 eq) and DIC (23 μl, 0.15 mmol, 3 eq) were added and the suspension was agitated for 12 h. The resin was filtered, washed sequentially with DCM (2×5 mL), THF (2×5 mL), DCM (3×5 mL), then dried in the standard manner.

Step 3-i: Macrocyclization on Activated Resin

The resin obtained from step 3-h was treated with a solution of 2% TFA, 3% TES (or TIPS) in DCM (v/v/v, 5 mL) for 30 min to remove the N-Ddz protecting group of the tether element. The resin was filtered and washed with DCM (2×5 mL). After Ddz deprotection, the resin was treated with a solution 2.5% Dl PEA in THF (5 mL) for 1 h. The basicity of the solution was confirmed during the reaction (wet pH paper) and more DIPEA added if necessary to maintain basicity. The resin was filtered and rinsed with a fresh 2.5 mL of the 2.5% DIPEA in THF solution. The combined filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure. Precipitation of the macrocycle was induced by adding H₂O to the residue. The macrocycle was recovered by filtration and washed with H₂O to remove any residual salts. Alternatively, the residue was triturated with H₂O.

Step 3-j: The macrocycle obtained in step 3-i was subjected sequentially to the standard deprotection conditions to provide the final macrocycle.

Example 4 Representative Synthesis of Macrocyclic Compound of Formula I containing Peptide Surrogate S3

This synthesis is presented in FIG. 6. The protocol highlights an alternative method to those previously reported for introduction of the peptoid moiety.

Step 4-a: In a 500 mL solid phase synthesis reactor was suspended 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin (16.5 g, loading 2.0 mmol/g) in DCM (350 mL). The resulting slurry was agitated for 30 min, filtered and washed with DCM (2×350 mL). Separately, a solution of Bts-Gly-OH (13.4 g, 1.5 eq) and DIPEA (17.2 mL, 3.0 eq) in DCM (350 mL) was prepared to form the Bts-Gly salt. This solution of the carboxylate salt was added to the resin mixture and agitated for an additional 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the collected resin washed successively with DMF (3×350 mL), 2-propanol (3×350 mL) and DCM (3×350 mL). Finally, any remaining active sites on the resin were neutralized by treatment with a solution of 85/10/5 DCM/MeOH/DIPEA (350 mL) for 1 h with agitation. The resulting resin was collected by filtration, washed successively with DMF (3×350 mL), 2-propanol (3×350 mL) and DCM (3×350 mL) and dried under vacuum to give 18.73 g of 4-1.

Step 4-b: To the resin 4-1 (1.3 g) was added a solution of benzyl alcohol (538 □l, 4.0 eq) and triphenylphosphine (1.40 g, 4.0 eq) in 10 mL THF and 10 mL of toluene. The resin mixture was agitated for 1 min and then diisopropylazodicarboxylate (DIAD, 1.02 mL, 4.0 eq) is added and agitation continued for 12 h. The resin was collected by filtration, washed successively with DMF (4×25 mL), 2-propanol (3×25 mL) and DCM (4×25 mL) and dried under vacuum to give 4-2.

Step 4-c: To the resin A2 was added a solution of mercaptoethanol (410 μl, 10 eq) and n-propylamine (500 μl, 10 eq) in DMF (9 mL) and the resulting slurry agitated for 3 h. The resin was collected by filtration, washed successively with DMF (3×25 mL), 2-propanol (3×25 mL) and DCM (3×25 mL) and dried under vacuum to provide 4-3.

Step 4-d: To the resin 4-3 was added a solution of Bts-Gly-OH (695 mg, 1.5 eq) and DEBPT (763 mg) in 9.4 mL of DMF. The resin mixture was agitated for 1 min, then DIPEA (666 μl, 2.5 eq) is added and agitation continued for 3 h. The resin was collected by filtration, washed successively with DMF (3×25 mL), 2-propanol (3×25 mL) and DCM (3×25 mL) and dried under vacuum to give 4-4.

Step 4-e: To the resin 4-4 was added a solution of n-butanol (366 μl, 4.0 eq) and triphenylphosphine (1.05 mg, 4.0 eq) in 10 mL THF and 10 mL of toluene. The resin mixture was agitated for 1 min, then DIAD (788 μl, 4.0 eq) is added and agitation continued for 12 h. The resin was collected by filtration, washed successively with DMF (4×25 mL), 2-propanol (3×25 mL) and DCM (4×25 mL) and dried under vacuum to give 4-5.

Step 4-f: To the resin A5 was added a solution of mercaptoethanol (600 μl, 10 eq), n-propylamine (500 μl, 10 eq) in DMF (6 mL) and the resulting slurry agitated for 3 h. The resin was collected by filtration, washed successively with DMF (3×25 mL), 2-propanol (3×25 mL) and DCM (3×25 mL) and dried under vacuum to provide 4-6.

Step 4-g: To the resin 4-6 was added a solution of Bts-Gly-OH (695 mg, 1.5 eq) and DEBPT (763 mg) in 9.4 mL of DMF. The resin mixture was agitated for 1 min, then DIPEA (666 μl, 2.5 eq) is added and agitation continued for 3 h. The resin was collected by filtration, washed successively with DMF (3×25 mL), 2-propanol (3×25 mL) and DCM (3×25 mL) and dried under vacuum to give 4-7.

Step 4-h: To the resin 4-7 was added a solution of Ddz-T1 (1.3 g, 4.0 eq) and triphenylphosphine (1.05 g, 4.0 eq) in 10 mL THF and 10 mL of toluene. The resin mixture was agitated for 1 min, then DIAD (788 μl, 4.0 eq) is added and agitation continued for 12 h. The resin was collected by filtration, washed successively with DMF (4×25 mL), 2-propanol (3×25 mL) and DCM (4×25 mL) and dried under vacuum to give 4-8.

Step 4-i: To the resin 4-8 was added 10 mL of a solution of AcOH/TFE/DCM (1/1/8) and agitated for 2 h. The resin is filtered and washed with DCM (3×10 mL). The filtrate is evaporated to dryness and the residue further dried under high vacuum. The residual cleaved product is dissolved in 4 mL of DCM, added to the 2-chlorophenyl resin (450 mg), DIC (150 μl) and DMAP (15 mg) and agitated overnight. The resin is washed with DCM (3×), then dried under vacuum to give 4-9.

Step 4-j: To the resin 4-9 was added 5 mL of a solution of 3% TFA in DCM and the resulting slurry agitated for 15 min. The resin is filtered, the treatment repeated once, then the resin washed with DCM (3×5 mL) and dried under vacuum. To the dried resin was added 5 mL of a solution of 2.5% DIPEA in THF and agitated for 1 h. The resin is filtered and washed with THF (3×5 mL). The filtrate is evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue dried under vacuum to yield the macrocycle 4-10.

Step 4-k: The Bts group of 4-10 was removed using standard conditions to provide the final, fully deprotected macrocycle, 4-11. This compound could be further purified by the standard methods.

Biological Evaluation for Compounds of the Invention

The compounds of the present invention were evaluated for their ability to interact at the human motilin receptor and the human ghrelin receptor utilizing competitive radioligand binding assays as described in Method B1 and B2, respectively. Further characterization of the interaction can be performed utilizing the functional assays described in Methods B3 and B4 for the motilin and ghrelin receptors, respectively. All of these methods can be conducted, if so desired, in a high throughput manner to permit the simultaneous evaluation of many compounds.

Results for the examination of representative compounds of the present invention using Methods B1 and B2 are presented in Table 3.

Example Method B1 Competitive Radioligand Binding Assay (Motilin Receptor)

Materials:

-   -   Membranes were prepared from CHO cells stably transfected with         the human motilin receptor and utilized at a quantity of 1.5         μg/assay point. [PerkinElmer® SignalScreen® Product #6110544,         Perkin Elmer, Inc., Wellesley, Mass.]     -   [¹²⁵I]-Motilin (PerkinElmer®, #NEX-378); final concentration:         0.04-0.06 nM     -   Motilin (Bachem®, #H-4385, Bachem AG Corporation, Bubendorf,         Switzerland); final concentration: 1 μM     -   Multiscreen® Harvest plates-GF/B (Millipore®, #MAHFB1H60,         Millipore Corporation, Billerica, Mass.)     -   Deep-well polypropylene titer plate (Beckman Coulter®, #267006,         Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, Calif.)     -   TopSeal-A (PerkinElmer®, #6005185)     -   Bottom seal (Millipore®, #MATAH0P00)     -   MicroScint^(™)-0 (PerkinElmer®, #6013611)     -   Binding Buffer: 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EDTA,         0.1% BSA

Assay Volumes:

-   -   150 μl of membranes diluted in binding buffer     -   10 μl of compound diluted in binding buffer     -   10 μl of radioligand ([¹²⁵I]-Motilin) diluted in binding buffer

Final Test Concentrations (N=11) for Compounds: 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005 μM.

Compound Handling:

Compounds were provided frozen on dry ice at a stock concentration of 10 mM diluted in 100% DMSO and stored at −20° C. until the day of testing. On the test day, compounds were allowed to thaw at room temperature and than diluted in assay buffer according to the desired test concentrations. Under these conditions, the maximum final DMSO concentration in the assay was 0.5%.

Assay Protocol:

In deep-well plates, diluted cell membranes (1.5 μg/mL) are combined with 10 μl of either binding buffer (total binding, N=5), 1 μM motilin (non-specific binding, N=3) or the appropriate concentration of test compound. The reaction is initiated by addition of 10 μl of [¹²⁵I]-motilin (final conc. 0.04-0.06 nM) to each well. Plates are sealed with TopSeal-A, vortexed gently and incubated at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction is arrested by filtering samples through pre-soaked (0.3% polyethyleneimine, 2 h) Multiscreen® Harvest plates using a Tomtec ® Harvester (TomTec, Inc., Hamden Conn.), washed 9 times with 500 μl of cold 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), and than plates are air-dried in a fumehood for 30 minutes. A bottom seal is applied to the plates prior to the addition of 25 μl of MicroScint™-0 to each well. Plates are than sealed with TopSeal-A and counted for 30 sec per well on a TopCount® Microplate Scintillation and Luminescence Counter (PerkinElmer®) where results are expressed as counts per minute (cpm).

Data are analyzed by GraphPad Prism® (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) using a variable slope non-linear regression analysis. K_(i) values were calculated using a K_(d) value of 0.16 nM for [¹²⁵I]-motilin (previously determined during membrane characterization).

$D_{\max} = {1 - {\frac{\begin{matrix} {{test}\mspace{14mu}{concentration}\mspace{14mu}{with}} \\ {{{maximal}\mspace{14mu}{displacement}} -} \\ {{non}\text{-}{specific}\mspace{14mu}{binding}} \end{matrix}}{{{total}\mspace{14mu}{binding}} - {{non}\text{-}{specific}\mspace{14mu}{binding}}} \times 100}}$ where total and non-specific binding represent the cpm obtained in the absence or presence of 1 μM motilin, respectively.

Example Method B2 Competitive Radioligand Binding Assay (Ghrelin Receptor)

The competitive binding assay at the human growth hormone secretagogue receptor (hGHS-R1a) was carried out analogously to assays described in the literature. (Bednarek M A et al. (2000), Structure-function studies on the new growth hormone-releasing peptide ghrelin: minimal sequence of ghrelin necessary for activation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a; J Med Chem 43:4370-4376. Palucki B L et al. (2001), Spiro(indoline-3,4′-piperidine) growth hormone secretagogues as ghrelin mimetics; Bioorg Med Chem Lett 11:1955-1957.)

Materials

-   -   Membranes (GHS-R/HEK 293) were prepared from HEK-293 cells         stably transfected with the human ghrelin receptor (hGHS-R1a).         These membranes were provided by PerkinElmer® BioSignal®         (#RBHGHSM, lot#1887) (PerkinElmer BioSignal, Inc. Quebec,         Canada) and utilized at a quantity of 0.71 μg/assay point.     -   [¹²⁵I]-Ghrelin (PerkinElmer®, #NEX-388); final concentration:         0.0070-0.0085 nM     -   Ghrelin (Bachem®, #H-4864); final concentration: 1μM     -   Multiscreen® Harvest plates-GF/C (Millipore®, #MAHFC1H60)     -   Deep-well polypropylene titer plate (Beckman Coulter®, #267006)     -   TopSeal-A (PerkinElmer®, #6005185)     -   Bottom seal (Millipore®, #MATAH0P00)     -   MicroScint™-0 (PerkinElmer, #6013611)     -   Binding Buffer: 25 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 1 mM CaCl₂, 5 mM MgCl₂,         2.5 mM EDTA, 0.4% BSA         Assay Volumes

Competition experiments were performed in a 300 μl filtration assay format.

-   -   220 μl of membranes diluted in binding buffer     -   40 μl of compound diluted in binding buffer     -   40 μl of radioligand ([¹²⁵I]-Ghrelin) diluted in binding buffer

Final test concentrations (N=1) for compounds of the present invention: 10, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005, 0.002, 0.001 μM.

Compound Handling

Compounds were provided frozen on dry ice at a stock concentration of 10 mM diluted in 100% DMSO and stored at −80° C. until the day of testing. On the test day, compounds were allowed to thaw at rt overnight and then diluted in assay buffer according to the desired test concentrations. Under these conditions, the maximal final DMSO concentration in the assay was 0.1%.

Assay Protocol

In deep-well plates, 220 μl of diluted cell membranes (final concentration: 0.71 μg/well) were combined with 40 μl of either binding buffer (total binding, N=5), 1 μM ghrelin (non-specific binding, N=3) or the appropriate concentration of test compound (N=2 for each test concentration). The reaction was initiated by addition of 40 μl of [¹²⁵I]-ghrelin (final conc. 0.0070-0.0085 nM) to each well. Plates were sealed with TopSeal-A, vortexed gently and incubated at rt for 30 min. The reaction was arrested by filtering samples through Multiscreen® Harvest plates (pre-soaked in 0.5% polyethyleneimine) using a Tomtec® Harvester, washed 9 times with 500 μL of cold 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4, 4° C.), and then plates were air-dried in a fumehood for 30 min. A bottom seal was applied to the plates prior to the addition of 25 μl of MicroScint™-0 to each well. Plates were than sealed with TopSeal-A and counted for 30 sec per well on a TopCount® Microplate Scintillation and Luminescence Counter (PerkinElmer®) using a count delay of 60 sec. Results were expressed as counts per minute (cpm).

Data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism® (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) using a variable slope non-linear regression analysis. K_(i) values were calculated using a K_(d) value of 0.01 nM for [¹²⁵I]-ghrelin (previously determined during membrane characterization).

D_(max) values were calculated using the following formula:

$D_{\max} = {1 - {\frac{\begin{matrix} {{test}\mspace{14mu}{concentration}\mspace{14mu}{with}} \\ {{{maximal}\mspace{14mu}{displacement}} -} \\ {{non}\text{-}{specific}\mspace{14mu}{binding}} \end{matrix}}{{{total}\mspace{14mu}{binding}} - {{non}\text{-}{specific}\mspace{14mu}{binding}}} \times 100}}$ where total and non-specific binding represent the cpm obtained in the absence or presence of 1 μM ghrelin, respectively.

Example Method B3 Aequorin Functional Assay (Motilin Receptor)

Materials:

-   -   Membranes were prepared using AequoScreen® (EUROSCREEN S A,         Belgium) cell lines expressing the human motilin receptor (cell         line ES-380-A; receptor accession #AF034632). This cell line is         constructed by transfection of the human motilin receptor into         CHO-K1 cells co-expressing G_(□16) and the mitochondrially         targeted Aequorin(Ref#ES-WT-A5).     -   Motilin (Bachem®, #H-4385)     -   Assay buffer: DMEM-F12 (Dulbeccoe's Modified Eagles Medium) with         15 mM HEPES and 0.1% BSA (pH 7.0)     -   Coelenterazine (Molecular Probes®, Leiden, The Netherlands)         Compound Handling:

Compounds were provided as dry films at a quantity of approximately 1.2 μmol in pre-formatted 96-well plates. Compounds were dissolved in 100% DMSO at a concentration of 10 mM and stored at −20° C. until further use. Daughter plates were prepared at a concentration of 500 μM in 30% DMSO with 0.1% BSA and stored at −20° C. until testing. On the test day, compounds were allowed to thaw at room temperature and than diluted in assay buffer according to the desired test concentrations. Under these conditions, the maximum final DMSO concentration in the assay was 0.6%.

Cell Preparation:

Cells are collected from culture plates with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺-free phosphate buffered saline (PBS) supplemented with 5 mM EDTA, pelleted for 2 minutes at 1000×g, resuspended in assay buffer (see above) at a density of 5×10⁶ cells/mL and incubated overnight in the presence of 5 μM coelenterazine. After loading, cells were diluted with assay buffer to a concentration of 5×10⁵ cells/mL.

Assay Protocol:

For agonist testing, 50 μl of the cell suspension was mixed with 50 μl of the appropriate concentration of test compound or motilin (reference agonist) in 96-well plates (duplicate samples). The emission of light resulting from receptor activation was recorded using the Functional Drug Screening System 6000 ‘FDSS 6000’ (Hamamatsu® Photonics K.K., Japan).

For antagonist testing, an approximate EC80 concentration of motilin (i.e. 0.5 nM; 100 μl) was injected onto the cell suspension containing the test compounds (duplicate samples) 15-30 minutes after the end of agonist testing and the consequent emission of light resulting from receptor activation was measured as described in the paragraph above.

Results are expressed as Relative Light Units (RLU). Concentration response curves were analyzed using GraphPad Prism® (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) by non-linear regression analysis (sigmoidal dose-response) based on the equation E=E_(max)/(1+EC₅₀/C)n where E is the measured RLU value at a given agonist concentration (C), E_(max) is the maximal response, EC₅₀ is the concentration producing 50% stimulation and n is the slope index. For agonist testing, results for each concentration of test compound were expressed as percent activation relative to the signal induced by motilin at a concentration equal to the EC₈₀ (i.e. 0.5 nM). For antagonist testing, results for each concentration of test compound were expressed as percent inhibition relative to the signal induced by motilin at a concentration equal to the EC₈₀ (i.e. 0.5 nM).

Example Method B4 Aequorin Functional Assay (Ghrelin Receptor)

Materials

-   -   Membranes were prepared using AequoScreen® (EUROSCREEN SA,         Belgium) cell lines expressing the human ghrelin receptor (cell         line ES-410-A; receptor accession #60179). This cell line is         constructed by transfection of the human ghrelin receptor into         CHO-K1 cells co-expressing G_(α16) and the mitochondrially         targeted Aequorin (Ref#ES-WT-A5).     -   Ghrelin (reference agonist; Bachem®, #H-4864)     -   Assay buffer: DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium)         containing 0.1% BSA (bovine serum albumin; pH 7.0.     -   Coelenterazine (Molecular Probes®, Leiden, The Netherlands)

Final test concentrations (N=8) for compounds of the invention:

-   10, 1, 0.3, 0.1, 0.03, 0.01, 0.003, 0.001 μM.     Compound Handling

Stock solutions of compounds (10 mM in 100% DMSO) were provided frozen on dry ice and stored at −20° C. prior to use. From the stock solution, mother solutions were made at a concentration of 500 μM by 20-fold dilution in 26% DMSO. Assay plates were then prepared by appropriate dilution in DMEM medium containing 0.1% BSA. Under these conditions, the maximal final DMSO concentration in the assay was <0.6%.

Cell Preparation

AequoScreen® cells were collected from culture plates with Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺-free phosphate buffered saline (PBS) supplemented with 5 mM EDTA, pelleted for 2 min at 1000×g, re-suspended in DMEM—Ham's F12 containing 0.1% BSA at a density of 5×10⁶ cells/mL, and incubated overnight at rt in the presence of 5 μM coelenterazine. After loading, cells were diluted with assay buffer to a concentration of 5×10⁵ cells/mL.

Assay Protocol

For agonist testing, 50 μl of the cell suspension was mixed with 50 μl of the appropriate concentration of test compound or ghrelin (reference agonist) in 96-well plates (duplicate samples). Ghrelin (reference agonist) was tested at several concentrations concurrently with the test compounds in order to validate the experiment. The emission of light resulting from receptor activation in response to ghrelin or test compounds was recorded using the Hamamatsu® FDSS 6000 reader (Hamamatsu® Photonics K.K., Japan).

Analysis and Expression of Results

Results were expressed as Relative Light Units (RLU). Concentration response curves were analyzed using GraphPad Prism® (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.) by non-linear regression analysis (sigmoidal dose-response) based on the equation E=E_(max)/(1+EC₅₀/C)n where E was the measured RLU value at a given agonist concentration (C), E_(max) was the maximal response, EC₅₀ was the concentration producing 50% stimulation and n was the slope index. For agonist testing, results for each concentration of test compound are expressed as percent activation relative to the signal induced by ghrelin at a concentration equal to the EC₈₀ (i.e. 3.7 nM). EC₅₀, Hill slope and % E_(max) values are reported.

TABLE 3 Biological Activity of Representative Compounds of the Invention Compound Binding Activity [K_(i) (nM)]¹ Receptor² 101 A motilin (human) 102 B motilin (human) 103 C motilin (human) 104 C motilin (human) 105 C motilin (human) 106 C motilin (human) 107 C motilin (human) 108 C motilin (human) 109 B motilin (human) 110 C motilin (human) 111 B motilin (human) 112 B motilin (human) 113 B motilin (human) 114 B motilin (human) 115 C motilin (human) 116 B motilin (human) 118 B motilin (human) 119 B motilin (human) 124 C ghrelin (human) 127 C ghrelin (human) 128 B ghrelin (human) 131 B ghrelin (human) 136 C ghrelin (human) 138 B ghrelin (human) 139 B ghrelin (human) 140 C ghrelin (human) 141 C ghrelin (human) 143 C ghrelin (human) 149 B ghrelin (human) 158 C ghrelin (human) 160 B ghrelin (human) 163 C ghrelin (human) 165 A ghrelin (human) 166 C ghrelin (human) 167 B ghrelin (human) 169 C ghrelin (human) ¹Activity presented indicated in the following ranges: A = 0.01-0.10 μM, B = 0.1-1.0 μM, C = 1.0-10.0 μM ²Binding conducted using Standard Methods described in the Examples

Although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these precise embodiments and that various changes and modifications may be effected therein without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention. 

1. A compound of formula (I):

wherein A₄is not present, A₃ is covalently bonded to T, and X, A₁, A₂, A₃ and T are selected from the group consisting of X A₁ NH

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X A₂ A₃ NH

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X T NH

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wherein (X) indicates the point of attachment of T to X and (A₃) indicates the point of attachment of T to A₃.
 2. An antagonist of a mammalian motilin receptor having the following structure:


3. An agonist of a mammalian ghrelin receptor having the following structure: 